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Map of Upper Burma, showing the borders with Assam (India), China and Siam (Thailand), as well as internal administrative borders. Mountains with their heights, settlements, rivers and railways (completed, proposed and under construction) are shown.

Map highlighting areas of eastern Siam (Thailand) claimed by France. Notes describe Siam’s geography, government, population, military and trade (rice, teak, pepper, bullocks, fish, hides, tin, cardamom, tin), including trading partners by tonnage.

Map of the district of Bhamo in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy River, railways (proposed and under construction, including the future Burma State Railway), and mines (amber, jade).

Map of the district of Ruby Mines in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy and Shweli rivers. High points are marked with their heights so they can be used for triangulation. As the name suggests, the district was known for its rubies.

Map of the Baram District, Borneo, by the British ethnologist Charles Hose, divided into territories of indigenous peoples: Malanaus, Kayans, Kenniahs, Orang-Bukits, Sibops, Madangs, Kalabits, Balaits, Tutongs, Kadayans and Malays.

Topographical map of mainland Southeast Asia. Mountains are represented by hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—and settlements, roads and rivers are marked.

Map of the Malay state of Johor, and Singapore. The route of a proposed railway north from Johor Bahru is shown. Apart from rivers and mountains, much of the terrain is blank, with labels such as ‘Unexplored Hill Country’ or ‘Dense Jungle and Swamp’.