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Map of Asia published by the North Holland Regional Association of the Dutch Teachers' Association. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’; the Indonesian Archipelago is labelled ‘Indische Archipel [Indian Archipelago]’.

Map of the South Peninsula of Celebes (Sulawesi). The Spermonde Archipelago in the Makassar Strait is very detailed with islands, shoals, reefs and bathymetry. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

The 1825 route of the Dutch military officer Major Joseph le Bron de Vexela is marked on this hand-drawn and coloured map of the South Peninsula of Celebes (Sulawesi).

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There are also inset maps highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore, and the sea depth around Labuan Island.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of the island of Soembawa (Sumbawa) featuring an inset map of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, and an elevation showing heights of mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions (residencies) of the Moluccas (Maluku Islands), with Celebes (Sulawesi) and New Guinea. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.

Map of northern and eastern Celebes (Sulawesi) colour-coded by administrative region: the residencies of Manado (red borders) and Ternate (yellow borders). (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)