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Notes on this map describe European colonial territories and trade with Asia, though this is concentrated around India, and mostly has not yet reached further east to ‘India extra Gangem [India beyond the Ganges]’ as Southeast Asia is labelled.

This early 18th century map of Asia features a drawing of a woman burning offerings on an altar, while two children carry cornucopias, and a camel looks on. The Roman god Mercury descends from the sky in the background wearing his winged helmet.

This early 18th century map of Asia features a drawing of a woman burning offerings on an altar, while two children carry cornucopias, and a camel looks on. The Roman god Mercury descends from the sky in the background wearing his winged helmet.

The seas on this early map of Asia are decorated with sailing ships and sea monsters. The cartouche features an illustration of two Asian men carrying bows and arrows.

The seas on this early map of Asia are decorated with sailing ships and sea monsters. The cartouche features an illustration of two Asian men carrying bows and arrows.

This colourful mid-17th century map was originally published in the Dutch cartographer Nicolaes Visscher's ‘Atlas contractus’. The map is dedicated to D. Henry Spiegel, consul and senator of the city of Amsterdam, and features his coat of arms.

This 17th century map features a number of mythical lakes once thought to exist in southern China. One of these lakes (‘Chiamai Lac’) feeds three rivers—labelled ‘Menan’, ‘Manthabam’ and ‘Cosmin’—which flow south through mainland Southeast Asia.

This 17th century map features a number of mythical lakes once thought to exist in southern China. One of these lakes (‘Chiamai Lac’) feeds three rivers—labelled ‘Menan’, ‘Manthabam’ and ‘Cosmin’—which flow south through mainland Southeast Asia.

Four long rivers flow south through mainland Southeast Asia on this map: the ‘Menan’, ‘Manthabam’ and ‘Cosmin’ originate at a mythical lake (‘Chiamai Lacus’) in southern China, while the ‘Mecon’ (Mekong) flows from the hills of Cochinchina (Vietnam).

This early 17th century map features a number of mythical lakes that were once thought to exist in southern China. One of these lakes feeds three rivers—labelled ‘Menam’, ‘Manthabam’ and ‘Cosmin’—which flow south through mainland Southeast Asia.

This 17th century map features a number of mythical lakes once thought to exist in southern China. One of these lakes (‘Chiamai Lac’) feeds three rivers—labelled ‘Menan’, ‘Manthabam’ and ‘Cosmin’—which flow south through mainland Southeast Asia.

Early map by Giovanni Antonio Magini, based on the work of the 2nd century geographer Ptolemy. It is difficult to pinpoint exact locations, but the area labelled ‘India Extra Ganges [India beyond the Ganges]’ could include some of modern Myanmar.