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Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere featuring a maritime route from the Netherlands to the port of Batavia (Jakarta) in the East Indies, with each day’s progress marked. Other routes around the region and back to Europe via the Suez Canal are also shown.

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere featuring a maritime route from the Netherlands to the port of Batavia (Jakarta) in the East Indies, with each day’s progress marked. Other routes around the region and back to Europe via the Suez Canal are also shown.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Coloured borders are used to highlight internal administrative regions. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Coloured borders are used to highlight internal administrative regions. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

A world map, including Southeast Asia, showing isothermal lines—lines that join locations of the same temperature—of annual mean temperature. There are also isobars (lines that join locations of the same barometric pressure).