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The shaded area on this map is where volcanic ash fell from the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java). Red figures record the thickness of the ash in millimetres; black figures are distance from the eruption in kilometres.

Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of Asia published by the North Holland Regional Association of the Dutch Teachers' Association. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’; the Indonesian Archipelago is labelled ‘Indische Archipel [Indian Archipelago]’.

Map of Asia published by the North Holland Regional Association of the Dutch Teachers' Association. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’; the Indonesian Archipelago is labelled ‘Indische Archipel [Indian Archipelago]’.

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

Map of the East Indies, with the borders of Dutch colonial territory marked in brown. The Malay Peninsula (‘Malakka’) has green borders, indicating it is a British possession. Four inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of the East Indies, with the borders of Dutch colonial territory marked in brown. The Malay Peninsula (‘Malakka’) has green borders, indicating it is a British possession. Four inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

The Dutch East Indies are bordered in red on this mid-19th century map. A maritime postal route from China to Europe, via Singapore and Penang, is shown. Another maritime route, from Batavia to Singapore, is also marked.