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The shoals and reefs of maritime Southeast Asia are highlighted on this colourful mid-19th century map, with the treacherous waters around many islands and straits marked.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.

Based on surveys by Sir Stamford Raffles, this German map of Sumatra focuses on the navigation of coasts and straits, with bathymetry (sea depth), anchor points, shoals and reefs marked, including on inset maps of Singapore and the Bangka Strait.

Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

Brief notes printed on this 19th century map of Southeast Asia provide details about each region, including: numbers and ethnicity of the population, local or colonial rulers, crops and products, geography (corals, forests, volcanos, earthquakes).

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. On Borneo, the names of indigenous peoples are listed (‘Dayak’s, Papua’s, Bugi’s’).

Navigation map of the southern South China Sea, with bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs marked. There are four maritime routes to China marked, with notes on what months or monsoon season to use them. Inset map of Gulf of Thailand.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. On Borneo, the names of indigenous peoples are listed (‘Dayak’s, Papua’s, Bugi’s’).

Navigation map of the southern South China Sea, with bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs marked. There are four maritime routes to China marked, with notes on what months or monsoon season to use them. Inset map of Gulf of Thailand.

The location, size, and population (by ethnicity) of Pinang, Malacca and Singapore—the Straits Settlements—are listed, along with how/when they were acquired by Britain. The distances from Canton (China) to those cities, and to India, are also noted.