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A 19th century map of mainland Southeast Asia, showing the ancient kingdoms of the Birman Empire (roughly modern Myanmar), Malaya (Malaysia), Siam (Thailand), Cochin China and Tonquin (Vietnam), and the Anamese Empire (Cambodia and Laos).

The various regions of Southeast Asia are marked in different colours on this mid-19th century map. For example, on the mainland, the Birman Empire (Myanmar) is in yellow, with Siam (Thailand) in blue, and Anam (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) in green.

Four-sheet map of Asia from Carl Ritter’s book ‘Erdkunde [Geography]’, including the northwest Birman Empire (Myanmar) and featuring rivers, mountains, administrative districts and settlements. Plus a page of elevations of Asian mountain ranges.

This map of Asia is marked with the routes taken through Southeast Asia by the British Royal Navy captain James Cook, and the French explorer Lapérouse. The title also refers to two other explorers: Louis Antoine de Bougainville and William Dampier.

Map of India and mainland Southeast Asia, with coloured borders indicating European colonial possessions.

Four-sheet map of Asia from Carl Ritter’s book ‘Erdkunde [Geography]’, including the northwest Birman Empire (Myanmar) and featuring rivers, mountains, administrative districts and settlements. Plus a page of elevations of Asian mountain ranges.

This map of Asia is marked with the routes taken through Southeast Asia by the British Royal Navy captain James Cook, and the French explorer Lapérouse. The title also refers to two other explorers: Louis Antoine de Bougainville and William Dampier.

Map of India and mainland Southeast Asia, with coloured borders indicating European colonial possessions.

Map of Java divided into Dutch administrative areas (‘residencies’), and the Empire of Soerakarta and Kingdom of Djokjakarta, which were under indigenous rule (a note records the territories these indigenous areas lost in the Java War (1825–1830)).

Regional borders are colour-coded on this mid-19th century map of mainland Southeast Asia, with British colonial territory in red (including part of the Burman Empire, the Straits Settlements, and Sarawak on Borneo).

A mid-19th century German map of mainland Southeast Asia showing a mixture of ancient kingdoms (e.g. Birma, Siam, Anam) and the colonial possessions of Britain (Malaya, Straits Settlements) and Denmark (Nicobar Islands).

A mid-19th century German map of mainland Southeast Asia showing a mixture of ancient kingdoms (e.g. Birma, Siam, Anam) and the colonial possessions of Britain (Malaya, Straits Settlements) and Denmark (Nicobar Islands).