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Nautical charts like this are detailed around the coasts and on the seas (e.g. river mouths, islands, shoals and reefs) while the interiors are blank. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, while the numbers indicate sea depth (bathymetry).

Navigation chart of the east coast of mainland Southeast Asia, from Cambodia to China. Islands, shoals and reefs are marked, along with bathymetry (sea depth). There are seven side views of islands (elevations) to use as landmarks.

A late 18th century maritime map of Southeast Asia, marked with expedition routes including the return of Captain Cook’s HMS Endeavour from Australia in 1770, and Captain Philip Carteret’s circumnavigation expedition in 1768.

Map of the Bay of Bengal, with the western coast of mainland Southeast Asia. Shoals, reefs and islands are marked. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, while the numbers indicate sea depth (bathymetry), both used to aid navigation.

Map of the Gulf of Siam (Gulf of Thailand) with shoals and small islands marked. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, while the numbers indicate sea depth (bathymetry), both used to aid navigation. There is an inset map of the Redang Archipelago.

Map of the Bay of Bengal, with the western coast of mainland Southeast Asia. Shoals, reefs and islands are marked. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, while the numbers indicate sea depth (bathymetry), both used to aid navigation.

Map of the Gulf of Siam (Gulf of Thailand) with shoals and small islands marked. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, while the numbers indicate sea depth (bathymetry), both used to aid navigation. There is an inset map of the Redang Archipelago.

The arrows on this map show the direction of the seasonal monsoons of Southeast Asia during the late 18th century. Each arrow has a label in French, indicating the month. The hatched sea areas are where the winds always blow in the same direction.

This mid-18th century map features labels noting the local populations, including the Kemois of the mountains and deserts of Cochinchinae (Vietnam) and the Byayos of Borneo. The map’s cartouche is embellished with maritime and military paraphernalia.

Map featuring the ancient kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia. The cartouche is embellished with maritime and military paraphernalia. The map is dedicated to William IV, Prince of Orange (Guillaume Charles Henry Friso). Sheet one of two.

Map featuring the ancient kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia. The cartouche is embellished with maritime and military paraphernalia. The map is dedicated to William IV, Prince of Orange (Guillaume Charles Henry Friso). Sheet one of two.

This mid-18th century map features a label noting that the Byayos people inhabited the mountains of central Borneo. Another note at the northeast tip of Borneo states that the location and number of islands in the area is uncertain.