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Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerakarta (Surakarta, Java). Inset map of Surakarta city, with a military fort and two palaces. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Japara (Jepara, Java). A cochineal factory—where the dye carmine is made from insects—is shown. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerabaya (Surabaya, Java), including the Madura Strait and an inset map of the island of Bawean. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.

Hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—are used to show the mountains of Sumatra’s west coast, and of the Padang Highlands and Lowlands. Text lists the heights of some of the region’s chief mountains.

Detailed map of Java based on the expeditions of the geologist and botanist Dr. Franz Junghuhn. There are 16 inset maps featuring volcanoes, mountains and coal seams.

Detailed map of Java based on the expeditions of the geologist and botanist Dr. Franz Junghuhn. There are 16 inset maps featuring volcanoes, mountains and coal seams.