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Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Bagelen, Java, including an elevation showing the heights of the area’s mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Kadoe (Kadu, Java), including two elevations showing the heights of the area’s mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (regency) of Magelang, Java, with a list of places—mountains, villages—with their height above sea level. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the administrative department of Ngrowo, Java. A list gives heights above sea level of some mountains and villages, and a note locates a sugar factory. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Detailed map of Java based on the expeditions of the geologist and botanist Dr. Franz Junghuhn. There are 16 inset maps featuring volcanoes, mountains and coal seams.

Detailed map of Java based on the expeditions of the geologist and botanist Dr. Franz Junghuhn. There are 16 inset maps featuring volcanoes, mountains and coal seams.

Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.