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On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Probolinggo, Java, with an elevation showing the heights of the Tengger mountain range. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions of Bezoeki (Besuki) and Banjoewangi (Banyuwangi), on Java. Includes an elevation view of the mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region of the island of Billiton (Belitung). The population is listed by race, and tin production by year. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial region of the island of Bali, featuring bathymetry (sea depth) in the Bali Strait, and an elevation showing heights of mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the bay at Bengkoelen (Bengkulu, west coast of Sumatra), with bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs marked. Two lighthouses are shown, with lines to indicate the limits of their range.

Map of the bay at Bengkoelen (Bengkulu, west coast of Sumatra), with bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs marked. Two lighthouses are shown, with lines to indicate the limits of their range.

Map of the Dutch colonial region of Banka (Bangka) island, featuring bathymetry (sea depth) in the Bangka Strait, and elevations showing heights of mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.