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The borders on this mid-19th century map of mainland Southeast Asia are colour-coded to show kingdoms, countries and colonial territories. Twelve different scales are shown, as different countries used different measurement systems.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerakarta (Surakarta, Java). Inset map of Surakarta city, with a military fort and two palaces. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Madioen (Madiun, Java). A sugar factory, cinnamon shed, and indigo plant mill are marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of part of the Dutch colonial administrative region of Patjitan (Pacitan, Java). Temple ruins, and a fort in the town of Patjitan, are marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

A map of the residency of Madioen (Madiun), East Java, divided into regencies and districts. Mountains, rivers and roads are marked, along with postal routes and post offices, sugar factories, cinnamon sheds (‘kaneelloodsen’) and indigo plant mills.

Map of the residency of Patjitan (Pacitan), south coast of East Java, divided into administrative districts. At the base, there is an elevation (side view) drawing of terrain around the Bay of Patjitan. Villages, forts and ruined temples are marked.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java), with post offices and routes, a saw mill and a sugar factory marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java) with ruined temples, a sugar factory, tobacco warehouse and rice mill. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Japara (Jepara, Java). A cochineal factory—where the dye carmine is made from insects—is shown. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the western half of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Rembang, Java, with an inset map of its capital city, Rembang. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the eastern half of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Rembang, Java. A sugar factory and tobacco establishment are marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Soerabaya (Surabaya, Java), including the Madura Strait and an inset map of the island of Bawean. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.