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A Japanese Buddhist map (or copy of one) with the distinctive triangular land mass (wide at the top, narrow at the bottom) and the central ‘whirlpool’ Lake Anavatapta (aka Lake Anotatta). Southeast Asia is shown as a scattering of light grey islands.

This map of Asia, from an atlas by the German cartographer Karl von Spruner, is colour-coded to show territorial regions in Asia from the 6th to the 9th centuries. Thailand is labelled 'Siang-koue' and Vietnam is 'Tschn-tschin'.