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The kingdoms of mid-18th century mainland Southeast Asia are shown on this map: Ava and Pegu (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Tonquin and Cochinchine (Vietnam), Camboie (Cambodia) and Laos. The text is in French, with the title also in Dutch at the base.

The kingdoms of mid-18th century mainland Southeast Asia are shown on this map: Ava and Pegu (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Tonquin and Cochinchine (Vietnam), Camboie (Cambodia) and Laos. The text is in French, with the title also in Dutch at the base.

Map of the Tunquin River (Red or Hong River) from the city of Cacho (Hanoi, Thailand) to its mouth. At the mouth, bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and anchor points are marked. A place named Hean is labelled as an English and French trading post.

Map of the Menam River (Chao Phraya River) from the city of Ayutthaya (labelled ‘Ville de Siam’), past Bangkok to its mouth in the Gulf of Thailand. Features forts, villages, and a royal palace along the route.

Map of the Tunquin River (Red or Hong River) from the city of Cacho (Hanoi, Thailand) to its mouth. At the mouth, bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and anchor points are marked. A place named Hean is labelled as an English and French trading post.

Map of the Menam River (Chao Phraya River) from the city of Ayutthaya (labelled ‘Ville de Siam’), past Bangkok to its mouth in the Gulf of Thailand. Features forts, villages, and a royal palace along the route.

Maps like this aided navigation through the islands, shoals and reefs of Singapore and the Malacca Strait. Three routes around Singapore are shown, numbers on the sea indicate water depth, and the profile views of mountains were used as landmarks.