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A map of Groot-Atjeh, Lepoeng and Lehoeng, at the northern tip of Sumatra, detailing routes (rivers, roads, railways), crops (rice, banana, sugarcane, betel, pepper, alang-alang, bamboo) and land features (forests, mountains, wetlands).

A map of Groot-Atjeh, Lepoeng and Lehoeng, at the northern tip of Sumatra, detailing routes (rivers, roads, railways), crops (rice, banana, sugarcane, betel, pepper, alang-alang, bamboo) and land features (forests, mountains, wetlands).

A map of Groot-Atjceh and the city of Kota Radja (modern Banda Aceh) at the northern tip of Sumatra, detailing routes (rivers, roads, railways), crops (rice, banana, sugarcane, betel, reed, alang-alang, bamboo) and land features (forests, wetlands).

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

A map of the coast of Atjeh (Aceh), Sumatra, with bathymetry (sea depth), tide information, coconut trees, nipa palm, sugarcane, and two forts. An inset map of the town of Atjeh (Banda Aceh) shows the river, palace, market and villages (‘kampong’).