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Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Samarang (Semarang, Java), with post offices and routes, a saw mill and a sugar factory marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Chart of the north coast of Java, featuring a rhumbline network—a web of lines to help plot routes—bathymetry (sea depth), shoals, reefs and side views of landmark mountains (elevations), all to aid navigation. With an inset map of nearby islands.

Chart of the north coast of Java, featuring a rhumbline network—a web of lines to help plot routes—bathymetry (sea depth), shoals, reefs and side views of landmark mountains (elevations), all to aid navigation. With an inset map of nearby islands.

This map uses a variety of methods to aid navigation, including a rhumbline network (a web of lines to help plot routes). The numbers on the sea surface indicate depth (bathymetry), and the drawings of mountains (elevations) were used as landmarks.