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The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

A late 19th century map of the Dutch East Indies on four sheets, detailing maritime routes around the region. There are also inset maps showing railways, rivers, roads, and telegraph systems, as well as individual islands and cities.

Six-sheet map of the Malay Peninsula, featuring settlements, mountains and rivers. Labels note names of indigenous peoples, or describe terrain/resources. There is an inset map of Singapore town, and the Straits Settlements are highlighted in red.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Mountain chains are represented by black lines; volcanoes by black dots. Three insets maps: expansion of Reguain—island of Taung-ywa, off the coast of Myanmar—due to volcanic activity; geology of Java (with heights of mountains); volcanoes of Luzon.

There is an inset map of the island of Singapore on this map of India. The island is coloured red to indicate it is British colonial territory. The surrounding islands and straits are marked, as well as details of the city such as the Sultan Mosque.

There is an inset map of the island of Singapore on this map of India. The island is coloured red to indicate it is British colonial territory. The surrounding islands and straits are marked, as well as details of the city such as the Sultan Mosque.

Map of Asia, marked with populations of cities and lengths of rivers. Mainland Southeast Asia is divided into kingdoms, but maritime Southeast Asia is mostly blank, and parts such as Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands are left off entirely.

Map of Asia, marked with populations of cities and lengths of rivers. Mainland Southeast Asia is divided into kingdoms, but maritime Southeast Asia is mostly blank, and parts such as Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands are left off entirely.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: British, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Danish.