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Coloured borders are used to highlight the colonial territories of the British (red), Dutch (orange), Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) on this mid-19th century map of Southeast Asia. An inset map shows the island and strait of Singapore.

Maritime routes had to be adjusted in response to the changing monsoon seasons, as is seen on this late 18th century map of the Indian Ocean. Drawings of the heads of children blowing—called ‘wind-heads’—are used to indicate wind direction.

Spread over two sheets, this map of India also features the west coast of mainland Southeast Asia. There is also an inset map of the bay of Ashem (Banda Aceh, Sumatra), featuring bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs, and anchor points.

Spread over two sheets, this map of India also features the west coast of mainland Southeast Asia. There is also an inset map of the bay of Ashem (Banda Aceh, Sumatra), featuring bathymetry (sea depth), islands, shoals and reefs, and anchor points.