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The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

The Aceh War (1873–1904) between the Sultanate of Aceh and Dutch colonists is highlighted on this map of Groot-Atjeh in 1876. Flag symbols mark the locations of Dutch troops, while a red line records the route marched by ‘agitating troops’ in 1875-6.

A map of the south-eastern tip of Borneo (modern South Kalimantan) spread over four sheets, featuring mountains, wetlands and rivers. Created by the Dutch colonial authorities, small flags mark fortifications of Dutch and auxiliary troops.

This map of Java and Madura uses hachures: short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Roads, railways and rivers are marked, as are anchor points and coral reefs (marked with letter ‘K.’ before their name).

This map of Java and Madura uses hachures: short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Roads, railways and rivers are marked, as are anchor points and coral reefs (marked with letter ‘K.’ before their name).