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A nautical chart of the Indian Ocean showing bathymetry (sea depth), including in great detail around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia.

This map uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—to show Java’s mountains. There are also two side views (elevations) of the mountains showing the heights of various road routes across the island.

This map uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—to show Java’s mountains. There are also two side views (elevations) of the mountains showing the heights of various road routes across the island.

Map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset of the heights of some of the region’s mountains. A note describes the average temperature, barometer reading and magnetic declination in Batavia at the time.

Map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset of the heights of some of the region’s mountains. A note describes the average temperature, barometer reading and magnetic declination in Batavia at the time.

Map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset of the heights of some of the region’s mountains. A note describes the average temperature, barometer reading and magnetic declination in Batavia at the time.

Map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset of the heights of some of the region’s mountains. A note describes the average temperature, barometer reading and magnetic declination in Batavia at the time.

Map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset of the heights of some of the region’s mountains. A note describes the average temperature, barometer reading and magnetic declination in Batavia at the time.

Marine chart of the Pacific Ocean, including Southeast Asia. Small islands, shoals and reefs are marked, and often named, around the seas and straits of the region.

By Belgian geographer Philippe Vandermaelen (1795–1869), this 19th century map of the Malay Peninsula also features the Riau Islands—including the Anambas and Natuna islands in the South China Sea—the Straits of Malacca and the Singapore Strait.

This map of Asia features the ancient kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia, such as the Birman Empire, Siam, Tonquin and Cochinchina. There are labels noting the inhabitants of some areas, such as 'Biajos' and ‘Tedongs’ in Borneo, and ‘Kemoy’ in Anam.

This map of Asia features the ancient kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia, such as the Birman Empire, Siam, Tonquin and Cochinchina. There are labels noting the inhabitants of some areas, such as 'Biajos' and ‘Tedongs’ in Borneo, and ‘Kemoy’ in Anam.