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This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

This map of Asia is from ‘Stieler’s Schul-Atlas’, a version of ‘Stielers Handatlas’ that was used widely in German schools in the 19th century.

This map of the border region between China, Birma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand and Laos) and Anam (Vietnam) is marked with the routes of five expeditions of the region from 1837 to 1868. Locations of Roman Catholic missionaries are also shown.

The route between Saigon and Rangoon taken by the German ethnologist Adolf Bastian is marked on this map of mainland Southeast Asia. There are two inset maps of cites: Mandalay, Amarapura and Ava in Burma; and Bangkok in Siam (including 14 temples).

Map of Asia published by the North Holland Regional Association of the Dutch Teachers' Association. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’; the Indonesian Archipelago is labelled ‘Indische Archipel [Indian Archipelago]’.

Map of Asia published by the North Holland Regional Association of the Dutch Teachers' Association. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’; the Indonesian Archipelago is labelled ‘Indische Archipel [Indian Archipelago]’.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

This map of Asia uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—over most of Southeast Asia. Major rivers, islands and cities are also marked.

On this map of Asia, colours are used to show the colonial territories of the European powers, and to show Muslim and Buddhist regions: Sumatra is divided between the Netherlands and local rulers; the Straits Settlements underlined in red (British).

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: British, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Danish.

This map of Asia uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—over most of Southeast Asia. Major rivers, islands and cities are also marked.