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Map of the Burmese city of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy River. The city has a grid of roads and buildings, dominated by Fort Dufferin (formerly Mandalay Palace). The surrounding country has villages, crops, agricultural ponds and irrigation channels.

Map of the district of Katha in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy River, and the Mu Valley State Railway (still partially under construction). High points are marked with their heights so they can be used for triangulation.

Map of the Malay state of Johor, and Singapore. The route of a proposed railway north from Johor Bahru is shown. Apart from rivers and mountains, much of the terrain is blank, with labels such as ‘Unexplored Hill Country’ or ‘Dense Jungle and Swamp’.