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Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of the East Indies in the mid-19th century, with Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) coloured in brown. Dutch administrative regions—such as residencies (‘residentie’) and governorates (‘gouvernement’)—are labelled.

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere featuring a maritime route from the Netherlands to the port of Batavia (Jakarta) in the East Indies, with each day’s progress marked. Other routes around the region and back to Europe via the Suez Canal are also shown.

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere featuring a maritime route from the Netherlands to the port of Batavia (Jakarta) in the East Indies, with each day’s progress marked. Other routes around the region and back to Europe via the Suez Canal are also shown.

Dutch map of the East Indies, with mountain ranges represented by simple hachure marks, and just a few rivers marked. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

Dutch map of the East Indies, with mountain ranges represented by simple hachure marks, and just a few rivers marked. Mainland Southeast Asia is labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.