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This map highlights the colonisation of Southeast Asia, showing French Indochina (green), British Burma and Malaya (orange), the Dutch East Indies (pink), and the Spanish Philippines (green). In the region, only Siam (yellow) is independent.

Three maps of the Caroline Islands. One shows colonised areas in Southeast Asia: Dutch East Indies; British North Borneo, British New Guinea; German New Guinea; Philippines (Spain); Portuguese Timor. The route of the Challenger expedition is marked.

Two maps showing the distribution of rodent and ruminant animal species, including in Southeast Asia. Lines show the geographical range of individual species, alongside illustrations of the animals featured.

Mountain chains are represented by black lines; volcanoes by black dots. Three insets maps: expansion of Reguain—island of Taung-ywa, off the coast of Myanmar—due to volcanic activity; geology of Java (with heights of mountains); volcanoes of Luzon.

A late 18th century map of Asia with regions divided by colour-coded borders, and detailing rivers, mountains, reefs and shoals.

A late 18th century map of Asia with regions divided by colour-coded borders, and detailing rivers, mountains, reefs and shoals.

A late 18th century maritime map of Southeast Asia, marked with expedition routes including the return of Captain Cook’s HMS Endeavour from Australia in 1770, and Captain Philip Carteret’s circumnavigation expedition in 1768.

This map features eight expedition routes across the South China Sea from 1752 to 1763. The web of lines is a rhumbline network, and bathymetry (sea depth) is marked. The place names are in French, but with an English title and notes.

Map of the Indian Ocean dominated by a rhumbline network—a web of interconnected lines used to help plot routes—with a compass rose at the centre. At the top there are (incomplete) drawings of people with text in Dutch, French, English and Spanish.

Map of Asia from the second volume of ‘Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca: or, A compleat collection of voyages and travels: consisting of above four hundred of the most authentick writers’ published by John Harris in 1705.

Hand-drawn portolan (nautical) chart, featuring a rhumbline network (the web of interconnected lines), bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and reefs, names of coastal settlements, and an elevation (side view) of a mountain at the north tip of Borneo.

A map of Asia by the London-based cartographer Herman Moll (1654?–1732) with colour-coded regional borders. In Southeast Asia, each major land mass or island has its own coloured border.