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This map of the fortified settlement of Cổ Loa (near Hanoi, northern Vietnam) shows the royal city, battlements and gates, a temple and a well. Artefacts dating to the Bronze Age have been found on this early site of Vietnamese civilization.

Spread over four sheets, this topographical map was based on the explorations of the French civil servant Auguste Pavie. Lasting 16 years (1879–1895), his ‘Missions Pavie’ explored all of mainland Southeast Asia.

A nautical chart of the Indian Ocean showing bathymetry (sea depth), including in great detail around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia.

Map of the province of Soc Trang (Sóc Trăng, Vietnam) on the bank of the Bassac River, southern Vietnam. The city of Soc Trang is in the centre, surrounded by rivers, roads, fields and villages.

Map of the district of Tan An (Tân An in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam) dominated by the two branches of the Vàm Cỏ River. The city of Tan An is in the centre of the more populated southern part of the district.

Map of the province of Tra Vinh (Trà Vinh in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam) situated between the mouths of the Sông Cổ Chiên and Bassac rivers. The city of Tra Vinh is towards the north, surrounded by fields, villages, rivers and roads.

Map of the district of Longxuyen (Long Xuyên in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam). The city of Long Xuyên is on the southern bank of the Bassac River (labelled ‘Fleuve Postérieur’ and ‘Fleuve Antérieur’), surrounded by rivers, wetlands, fields and villages.

Map of the district of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), based around the Fleuve Soirap (Soài Rạp River) as it winds its way down to the South China Sea. The city of Saigon is on its banks, surrounded by more rivers, roads, fields and villages.

Map of the province of Vinh Long (Vĩnh Long in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam) on the southern bank of the Cổ Chiên River. The city of Vinh Long is on the river, surrounded by rivers, roads, fields and villages.

Map of the district of Cholon (Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). The southern part is more detailed, with rivers, roads and villages, while the north is sparser (though there are ancient Cambodian forts and towers marked).

A late 19th century map depicting a route from Hanoi to That-Khe via Lang-Son (in northern Vietnam, near the border with China at Kouang-Si (Guangxi)). Two inset maps feature plans of military forts, villages, rivers and fields along the route.

Map of the district of Gocong (Gò Công, Vietnam), near the mouth of the Mekong River. The town of Gocong is in the centre, surrounded by rivers, canals, fields and villages.