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Map of the Mahakam River in Borneo, based on an expedition by the Dutch explorer Dr. Anton Nieuwenhuis in the late 19th century. An inset map shows the upper reaches of the river at twice the scale of the main map.

From Joseph Kürschner’s ‘Universal-Konversations-Lexikon’, this map of German colonies includes the island of New Guinea. Divided between Dutch, British and German colonies, the German territory is Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck Archipelago.

Map of routes to and around Lake Poso, central Celebes (Sulawesi) by the Dutch missionary and ethnographer Albert Christian Kruyt. The legend records types of rocks found at points along the route.

The route of a late 19th century expedition by Dutch geologists, botanists, ethnographers and zoologists is marked on this map of southwest Borneo. Mountain peaks which were surveyed by the geologists are highlighted with a red circle.

Four maps showing the locations of British and Russian military units in Asia, including British and Indian (Madras Army) troops in Burma (Myanmar). Extensive legends identify individual regiments, battalions etc.

A map recording five Dutch expeditions through the Karo Lands of northern Sumatra. The mountainous terrain is represented by contour lines, with peaks’ heights marked. The names of groups of the indigenous Karo people are shown in large letters.

Maritime map of the Philippines, with inset maps of bays showing bathymetry (sea depth), shoals, reefs and anchor points. There is also an inset map of Taal Volcano, and elevations (side views of terrestrial landmarks like mountains and islands).

This map focuses on the mountain ranges along the west coast of central Sumatra. Military bases, post offices, villages, rivers and hot springs are also marked, and there are inset maps of the towns of Padang and Singkel (Singkil).

A mid-19th century German map of mainland Southeast Asia showing a mixture of ancient kingdoms (e.g. Cochin-China), administrative districts (Malay States) and colonial possessions (Straits Settlements). Extensive mountainous areas are also featured.

This mid-19th century map of mainland Southeast Asia is divided into regions with colour-coded borders. The Birman Empire/Birmah (Myanmar) is the most detailed, with 10 provinces marked and listed in the map’s legend.

A navigation map of the Java Sea and Sunda Islands, with bathymetry (sea depth), maritime routes, shoals and reefs, and elevations (side views of terrestrial landmarks). Inset maps feature the bay at Batavia and the straits between the Sunda Islands.

A navigation map of the Java Sea and Sunda Islands, with bathymetry (sea depth), maritime routes, shoals and reefs, and elevations (side views of terrestrial landmarks). Inset maps feature the bay at Batavia and the straits between the Sunda Islands.