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Map of Singapore Island, including the surrounding islands and straits, and southern Johor. Lighthouses are marked in red and yellow, including Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca, Raffles Lighthouse and Fort Canning Lighthouse.

Navigation map of the Riau Strait between Batam, Bintan and Rempang (Riau Archipelago). Bathymetry (sea depth), current and tide data, reefs, shoals and other obstructions are marked. A second map features improvements to part of the original map.

Map of Singapore Island, including the surrounding islands and straits, and southern Johor. Lighthouses are marked in red and yellow, including Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca, Raffles Lighthouse and Fort Canning Lighthouse.

Navigation map of the Riau Strait between Batam, Bintan and Rempang (Riau Archipelago). Bathymetry (sea depth), lighthouses, bouys, currents and obstructions are marked. There are side views of islands and mountains (elevations) to use as landmarks.

Two separate maps showing the languages and dialects spoken on the islands of Bangka, and the Riouw (Riau) and Lingga archipelagos, in the late 19th century. On Bangka alone, there are 12 languages or dialects listed.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region (residency) of Riouw (Riau) focusing on the islands and sea passages, with bathymetry (sea depth) marked. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Two maps featuring many of the islands between the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. In the top map, Batam, Bintan, Lingga and many of the smaller Riau Islands. In the bottom map, Bangka and Belitung on the east coast of Sumatra.

This detailed map of the Dutch East Indies in the mid-19th century is spread over eight sheets, plus a cover sheet showing the whole area. There are numerous inset maps of islands, bays, cities etc.

This map of the Dutch East Indies is spread over eight sheets, with a hand-drawn cover sheet showing the whole area. There are numerous inset maps of islands, bays, cities etc. Two of the inset maps have a replacement map pasted over them.

Chart of the Singapore Strait, Riau Archipelago and Lingga Islands, marked with bathymetry (sea depth), side views of landmark mountains (elevations), written notes, and islands, shoals and reefs, all to aid navigation.

Chart of the Singapore Strait, Riau Archipelago and Lingga Islands, marked with bathymetry (sea depth), side views of landmark mountains (elevations), written notes, and islands, shoals and reefs, all to aid navigation.

This map of the Straits of Malacca features shoals and reefs, bathymetry (sea depth), drawings of side views of landmark mountains (elevations) and written observations, all designed to aid navigation. Pencil marks indicate the map was actually used.