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This map highlights the colonisation of Southeast Asia, showing French Indochina (green), British Burma and Malaya (orange), the Dutch East Indies (pink), and the Spanish Philippines (green). In the region, only Siam (yellow) is independent.

Late 19th century map of the Makassar Strait between Borneo and Celebes (Sulawesi), with shoals and reefs, bathymetry (sea depth), shipwrecks and other navigation aids marked. On land, mountains, with their heights, and rivers are shown.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and other obstructions are marked, with hills and settlements as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), lighthouses, shoals and other obstructions are marked, with trees and hills as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and other obstructions are marked, with hills and settlements as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

A late 19th century map of the Minahasa Peninsula, northern Celebes (Sulawesi), marked with the locations of mines (‘mÿnen’). The red borders indicate areas for ‘mijnbouwkundig onderzoek [mining research]’.