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From ‘Lizars' Edinburgh Geographical General Atlas’, this mid-19th century map was based on an earlier map by the English cartographer John Cary. It highlights the mountain ranges and rivers of Southeast Asia, and also features many place names.

Map of the East Indies, with the borders of Dutch colonial territory marked in brown. The Malay Peninsula (‘Malakka’) has green borders, indicating it is a British possession. Four inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.

Map of Dutch colonial possessions in maritime Southeast Asia, labelled with the names of administrative areas. Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain.

Map of Dutch colonial possessions in maritime Southeast Asia, labelled with the names of administrative areas. Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain.

The Dutch East Indies are bordered in red on this mid-19th century map. A maritime postal route from China to Europe, via Singapore and Penang, is shown. Another maritime route, from Batavia to Singapore, is also marked.

Map of Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including the administrative areas of Java and Madura. Two maritime routes are marked from Batavia to the Maluku Islands: of the brig ‘Douga’ in 1825, and by Baron Godert van der Capellen in 1824.

Map of Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including the administrative areas of Java and Madura. Two maritime routes are marked from Batavia to the Maluku Islands: of the brig ‘Douga’ in 1825, and by Baron Godert van der Capellen in 1824.

The shoals and reefs of maritime Southeast Asia are highlighted on this colourful mid-19th century map, with the treacherous waters around many islands and straits marked.

Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

On this map of Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: Russian, British, Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Danish.

On this map of Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: Russian, British, Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Danish.