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Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of Java divided into administrative areas (‘residencies’ and ‘regencies’). Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Postal routes and roads are also marked.

Map of Java divided into administrative areas (‘residencies’ and ‘regencies’). Mountains are represented by hachures, short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain. Postal routes and roads are also marked.

One sheet (of eight) from a map of the Dutch East Indies, used in schools in the mid-19th century. Java is divided into residencies, and mountains—represented by short lines/dashes called hachures—major roads and settlements are shown.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative region of Krawang (Karawang, Java). There is an elevation (side view) showing the heights of the region’s mountains. (From ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

This map of Asia uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—over most of Southeast Asia. Major rivers, islands and cities are also marked.

On this map of Asia, colours are used to show the colonial territories of the European powers, and to show Muslim and Buddhist regions: Sumatra is divided between the Netherlands and local rulers; the Straits Settlements underlined in red (British).

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

This map of Asia uses hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—over most of Southeast Asia. Major rivers, islands and cities are also marked.

On this map of Asia, colours are used to show the colonial territories of the European powers, and to show Muslim and Buddhist regions: Sumatra is divided between the Netherlands and local rulers; the Straits Settlements underlined in red (British).

Two maps of the Dutch East Indies: one of the whole region, and one of Java alone. Both are divided into administrative regions—e.g. Java is divided into regencies—with coloured borders.

Chart of the Indian Ocean, showing climate and weather-related data, including around the seas and straits of Southeast Asia where trade routes are marked, along with monsoon and typhoon regions, and currents during the different monsoon seasons.