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This map of Asia is taken from Noël Antonine Pluche's ‘Concorde de la géographie des différens âges’ published in 1772.

On this late 18th century map, the modern nation states of mainland Southeast Asia can be seen emerging: Myanmar (here labelled Ava), Laos, Vietnam (Tong-King and Cochinchine), Cambodia (Camboge), Thailand (Siam) and Malaysia (Malaca).

Some regions on this map of Southeast have a descriptive label: Sumatra is described as having mines of gold, silver, iron, and sulphur; and elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, dragons and crocodiles. Gilolo has rice, sago and turtles. Ambon has nutmeg.

Some regions on this map of Southeast have a descriptive label: Sumatra is described as having mines of gold, silver, iron, and sulphur; and elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, dragons and crocodiles. Gilolo has rice, sago and turtles. Ambon has nutmeg.

Map of Asia divided into large colour-coded regions: the western half of mainland Southeast Asia is joined with India (‘Indien’), and coloured red; the eastern half is joined with China, all in yellow.

Map of Asia divided into large colour-coded regions: the western half of mainland Southeast Asia is joined with India (‘Indien’), and coloured red; the eastern half is joined with China, all in yellow.

This map shows the islands of Java, Sumatra and Borneo, the straits of Sunda, Malacca and Bangka, and the Gulf of Siam. The points of the compass can be seen radiating out from a central compass rose.

A hand-written note on the bottom margin of this map reads ‘Dressé par Rizzi Zannoni, gravé par Lattré, 1762’, indicating that it was drawn by the Italian cartographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni, and engraved by the French engraver Jean Lattré.

A hand-written note on the bottom margin of this map reads ‘Dressé par Rizzi Zannoni, gravé par Lattré, 1762’, indicating that it was drawn by the Italian cartographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni, and engraved by the French engraver Jean Lattré.

On this map, Asia is divided into colour-coded regions, with mainland Southeast Asia in blue, and the islands of maritime Southeast Asia in various colours. The cartouche features drawings of a palm tree, fruits and a camel.

On this map, Asia is divided into colour-coded regions, with mainland Southeast Asia in blue, and the islands of maritime Southeast Asia in various colours. The cartouche features drawings of a palm tree, fruits and a camel.

The kingdoms of mid-18th century mainland Southeast Asia are shown on this map: Ava and Pegu (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Tonquin and Cochinchine (Vietnam), Camboie (Cambodia) and Laos. Rivers are also prominent, and mountains are shown pictorially.