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This map shows the Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indies in the mid-19th century. Other country’s colonial territories are also shown: British (Malacca), Spanish (Philippines) and Portuguese (East Timor). Forts are also marked.

This map shows the Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indies in the mid-19th century. Other country’s colonial territories are also shown: British (Malacca), Spanish (Philippines) and Portuguese (East Timor). Forts are also marked.

Map of Asia based on observations of members of the French Academy of Sciences. Its decorative cartouche features a drawing of a censer (incense burner).

Map of Asia based on observations of members of the French Academy of Sciences. Its decorative cartouche features a drawing of a censer (incense burner).

Unusually, north is located to the left of this map of East Asia, rather than the top. The text notes that shallows and reefs are marked, and that the map is based on the explorations of Portuguese ships. Illustrations include sea monsters and ships.

Unusually, north is located to the left of this map of East Asia, rather than the top. The text notes that shallows and reefs are marked, and that the map is based on the explorations of Portuguese ships. Illustrations include sea monsters and ships.

This 1550 map by the German cartographer Sebastian Münster (1488–1552) was based on the work of the 2nd century geographer Ptolemy. There are many inaccuracies, especially in scale and the locations of mountain ranges, but the region is recognisable.