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Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

Coloured borders identify the colonial possessions of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark and Portugal in mid-19th century Southeast Asia. Cities are marked with symbols indicating population, and military forts are marked with star symbols.

Map of the Birman Empire and Assam (modern Myanmar) with detailed text describing the region’s geography, culture, population, religion, government and history. There is an inset map highlighting Burmese islands off the coast of the Malay Peninsula.

Map of the Birman Empire and Assam (modern Myanmar) with detailed text describing the region’s geography, culture, population, religion, government and history. There is an inset map highlighting Burmese islands off the coast of the Malay Peninsula.

Map of the Birman Empire, with hand-drawn internal borders in red. Many of the names of regions, settlements and rivers are labelled with two names, one local and one Western: e.g. ‘Yoodra Shan oder Cambodia’ (‘oder’ is German for ‘or’).

Map of the Birman Empire, with hand-drawn internal borders in red. Many of the names of regions, settlements and rivers are labelled with two names, one local and one Western: e.g. ‘Yoodra Shan oder Cambodia’ (‘oder’ is German for ‘or’).