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Dutch-language map of Asia, with mainland Southeast Asia labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

Dutch-language map of Asia, with mainland Southeast Asia labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

Two navigation maps for the north coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), featuring bathymetry (sea depth), landmark mountains, reefs and shoals. Obstructions in the water are marked ‘kr’ (coral), ‘m’ (mud), ‘s’ (shells), ‘st’ (stones), and ‘z’ (sand).

A navigation map of Kwandang Bay on the north coast of Celebes (Sulawesi). It features bathymetry (sea depth), reefs and shoals. Obstructions in the water are marked ‘kr’ (coral), ‘m’ (mud), ‘st’ (stones), and ‘z’ (sand).

A navigation map for the north coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), featuring bathymetry (sea depth), reefs and shoals. Obstructions in the water are marked ‘kr’ (coral), ‘m’ (mud), ‘st’ (stones), and ‘z’ (sand). Five additional maps show details of rivers.

Two maps of bays of Celebes (Sulawesi), including bathymetry (sea depth), reefs and shoals, and coastal hills to use as landmarks. Obstructions in the water are marked ‘kr’ for coral, ‘m’ for mud, ‘st’ for stones, and ‘z’ for sand.

Late 19th century map of the Makassar Strait between Borneo and Celebes (Sulawesi), with shoals and reefs, bathymetry (sea depth), shipwrecks and other navigation aids marked. On land, mountains, with their heights, and rivers are shown.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and other obstructions are marked, with hills and settlements as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), lighthouses, shoals and other obstructions are marked, with trees and hills as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

Navigation map of the west coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), north of Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and other obstructions are marked, with hills and settlements as landmarks, and elevations (side views of hills) to aid navigation.

A late 19th century map of the Minahasa Peninsula, northern Celebes (Sulawesi), marked with the locations of mines (‘mÿnen’). The red borders indicate areas for ‘mijnbouwkundig onderzoek [mining research]’.

Navigation map of the southwest coast of Celebes (Sulawesi), near Makassar. Bathymetry (sea depth), lighthouses (in red and yellow, with circles to show the extent of their range), shoals and other obstructions are marked.