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The use of hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—highlight the mountain ranges along the west coast of this map of Sumatra. Many rivers flow east from the mountains to the Malacca Strait.

A topographical and geological map of southern Sumatra, over four sheets. Areas of igneous and sedimentary rock, coal, fossils, petroleum, active volcanoes and hot springs are marked, along with mountains, rivers and marshland, roads and settlements.

Multiple maps from the Aceh War, spread over 12 sheets. Includes maps of fortifications, trenches, battle formations; building plans, including the Aceh Sultan’s palace; topographic maps; and drawings of a ‘kotta mara’ (fortified raft).

Map of a Dutch military expedition from Seglie (Sigli) on the northeast coast of Sumatra to Telok Kadjoe, during the Aceh War between Aceh and Dutch colonists. They land at Sigli and cross marshland, high grass, and rice and sugarcane fields.

The use of hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—highlight the mountain ranges along the west coast of Sumatra, with rivers flowing east. There is an inset map of the residency of Groot-Atjih (Aceh).

A map of Southeast Asia coloured to indicate the five different language families spoken in the region in the late 19th century. Names of indigenous tribes/languages are marked in red text, with European colonial possessions in grey.

This map of Groot-Atjeh (Aceh, northern Sumatra) focuses on the area in and around the city of Kota Radja (Banda Aceh) during the Aceh War. It shows current and former Dutch military fortifications, inhabited and abandoned villages, and rice paddies.

A map of Southeast Asia coloured to indicate the five different language families spoken in the region in the late 19th century. Names of indigenous tribes/languages are marked in red text, with European colonial possessions in grey.

Rivers and crops are the focus of this map of the northeast coast of Sumatra. Forests and wetlands are marked, as are alang-alang, coconut, pepper, nutmeg and tobacco. Roads are shown as suitable for infantry and light artillery, or for horse riding.

Hand-drawn map of the roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—at Analaboe (Meulaboh) on the west coast of northern Sumatra. Bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and reefs, and an anchor point are marked.

Map of three regions on the northeast coast of Sumatra, with each region divided into parcels of land which are labelled with the name of a company. Presumably, these companies have been issued the contracts mentioned in the map’s title.

Rivers and crops are the focus of this map of Deli (east coast of Sumatra). Forests and wetlands are marked, as are alang-alang, coconut, pepper, nutmeg and tobacco. Roads are shown as suitable for infantry and light artillery, or for horse riding.