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This map highlights the colonisation of Southeast Asia, showing French Indochina (green), British Burma and Malaya (orange), the Dutch East Indies (pink), and the Spanish Philippines (green). In the region, only Siam (yellow) is independent.

Topographical map of mainland Southeast Asia. Mountains are represented by hachures—short lines/dashes that give a sense of the shape and steepness of terrain—and settlements, roads and rivers are marked.

Map showing the French protectorate territories of mainland Southeast Asia: Annam, Tongking and French Cochin China (modern Vietnam) and Cambodia. Some parts of Siam (Thailand) and Laos are also shown.

A late 18th century map of Asia, with notes on the principal states, empires and kingdoms of Asia written in French on the right-hand side.