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Colonial territory is labelled and colour-coded on this map of Southeast Asia. A list on the left edge gives the colonial status, size and population of Asian countries, and ranks the main cities by population. Gold and iron mines are marked.

This map of the fortified settlement of Cổ Loa (near Hanoi, northern Vietnam) shows the royal city, battlements and gates, a temple and a well. Artefacts dating to the Bronze Age have been found on this early site of Vietnamese civilization.

The United States Treasury Department produced this map of trade routes crossing the Pacific Ocean between the United States and Asia. Each route is labelled with the names of its ports, and with the distance between them in miles.

Dutch-language map of Asia, with mainland Southeast Asia labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

The border of the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) and its internal administrative districts are highlighted in yellow. Inset maps show the cities of Bangkok, Chiengmai (Chiang Mai) and Luang Pra Bang (Luang Prabang) in more detail.

Dutch-language map of Asia, with mainland Southeast Asia labelled ‘Achter Indie [Beyond India]’.

Southeast Asia is on sheet four of this map. British colonial territory—British Burma, the Straits Settlements, Sarawak, Brunei, British North Borneo—is highlighted in red, with Dutch, Spanish, French and Portuguese territory also shown.

Spread over four sheets, this topographical map was based on the explorations of the French civil servant Auguste Pavie. Lasting 16 years (1879–1895), his ‘Missions Pavie’ explored all of mainland Southeast Asia.

This map highlights the colonisation of Southeast Asia, showing French Indochina (green), British Burma and Malaya (orange), the Dutch East Indies (pink), and the Spanish Philippines (green). In the region, only Siam (yellow) is independent.

This map of China features a small part of northeastern Southeast Asia. Population density is shown, along with rivers, trade routes, tidal river navigation limits, railways (existing and suggested), and two coal mines in Tong-King (Vietnam).

The most northern part of Southeast Asia is shown on this map of China and Japan, with Burma (Myanmar) and Tong-King (Vietnam) appearing at the bottom of the map. Mountains, rivers and settlements are marked, as well as a railway line in Burma.

Map of Asia featuring steamship routes—including around Southeast Asia—connecting ports such as Penang, Singapore, Batavia (Jakarta), Saigon, Bangkok, Rangun (Yangon), Manila, Macassar (Makassar) etc. There is also an inset map of Singapore.