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Created by the U.S. Army, this map of a small area south of Manila records Spanish and American trenches and troop and gun locations on the last day of the Spanish–American War (13 August 1898). Ground conditions (swamps, jungle, fields) are noted.

Created by the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War, this reconnaissance map of a small area south of Manila features Spanish (red) and American (blue) trenches, as well as roads, buildings and ground conditions (firm ground, swamps, fields).

A late 19th century plan of the city of Manila, Philippines, showing the streets and buildings—categorised as military, civil or religious—around the Pasig River. The city is surrounded by suburbs, fields and wetlands.