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This early 19th century map shows the islands, shoals and reefs in the harbour of the important port city of Batavia (Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies. Individual islands and reefs are named, as are the rivers and canals on land.

The ports of Batavia (Jakarta) and Bantem (Banten) feature on this navigation map of the north coast of Java. Shoals, reefs, bathymetry (sea depth, in figures) and anchor points are marked, with explanatory notes written next to some islands/reefs.

Chart of the Singapore Strait, Riau Archipelago and Lingga Islands, marked with bathymetry (sea depth), side views of landmark mountains (elevations), written notes, and islands, shoals and reefs, all to aid navigation.

This map of the Burman Empire (Myanmar) features mountains, forests and rivers, as well as borders with Siam (Thailand) and Laos. Text notes how far up rivers boats can reach (‘Boats reach hither from the Sea’), ruby mines and rice fields.

To aid navigation, this map shows small islands, shoals and reefs, maritime routes for use during monsoons or at particular times of the year, bathymetry (sea depth), past explorers’ routes, shipwrecks and text about monsoons, typhoons and currents.

Chart of the Singapore Strait, Riau Archipelago and Lingga Islands, marked with bathymetry (sea depth), side views of landmark mountains (elevations), written notes, and islands, shoals and reefs, all to aid navigation.