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Plan of Singapore harbour, with wharfs and buildings. A roadstead—a body of water sheltered from tides/currents, for ships to anchor—is labelled ‘Singapore Road’. Islands, shoals and reefs are marked, as are roads and buildings in the city.

Three maps of the Caroline Islands. One shows colonised areas in Southeast Asia: Dutch East Indies; British North Borneo, British New Guinea; German New Guinea; Philippines (Spain); Portuguese Timor. The route of the Challenger expedition is marked.

Map of the city of Hué (Huế) on the Perfume River, east coast of Vietnam. There are forts, villages and rice fields along the river. In the city, there is the royal palace within walls and a moat, French military barracks and other colonial areas.

Maritime map of the Philippines, with inset maps of bays showing bathymetry (sea depth), shoals, reefs and anchor points. There is also an inset map of Taal Volcano, and elevations (side views of terrestrial landmarks like mountains and islands).

Navigation map of the mouth of the Padang Tikar River, on the west coast of Borneo, featuring bathymetric (water depth) routes. Obstructions are marked with letters: ‘m’ (mud), ‘z’ (sand). Trees, hills and fishermen’s houses are shown as landmarks.

Navigation map of the mouth of the Padang Tikar River, on the west coast of Borneo, featuring bathymetric (water depth) routes. Obstructions are marked with letters: ‘m’ (mud), ‘z’ (sand). Trees, hills and fishermen’s houses are shown as landmarks.

A map of the effects of the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption. The red line is the boundary of the collapsed area. Black numbers are sea depth before the eruption; red numbers are after. A line above a number means no ground found at that depth.

A map showing the results of the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano. Black numbers indicate sea depth before the eruption; red numbers are after.

Nine maps of the effects of the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption, including on Rakata Island itself, and Calmeyer Island (formed by the eruption). Other maps use brown shading to show the flooding of nearby islands and settlements by ensuing tsunamis.

A map of the effects of the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption. The orange line is the islands’ outline pre-eruption; the red line is the boundary of the collapsed area. Red numbers are sea depth. Pre- and post-eruption sizes of the islands are listed.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.

The Straits Settlements are in red, with the rest of the map marked with names of local peoples (‘Inhabited by the Johor Jakuns’) and resources (mines). Many areas are left blank or vague as unexplored or approximate. Inset map of Singapore city.