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This 18th century map of Southeast Asia by the French cartographer Gilles Robert de Vaugondy features the national borders of the Philippines in green, and of modern Indonesia in yellow. The Malay Peninsula and modern Cambodia and Vietnam are in red.

Mid-18th century French-language map of Asia, with Southeast Asia divided into four regions: the mainland in yellow, the Philippines in green, the Sunda Islands in red, and the Maluku Islands in yellow.

Map of the Tunquin River (Red or Hong River) from the city of Cacho (Hanoi, Thailand) to its mouth. At the mouth, bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and anchor points are marked. A place named Hean is labelled as an English and French trading post.

Map of the Menam River (Chao Phraya River) from the city of Ayutthaya (labelled ‘Ville de Siam’), past Bangkok to its mouth in the Gulf of Thailand. Features forts, villages, and a royal palace along the route.

Mid-18th century French-language map of Asia, with Southeast Asia divided into four regions: the mainland in yellow, the Philippines in green, the Sunda Islands in red, and the Maluku Islands in yellow.

Map of the Tunquin River (Red or Hong River) from the city of Cacho (Hanoi, Thailand) to its mouth. At the mouth, bathymetry (sea depth), shoals and anchor points are marked. A place named Hean is labelled as an English and French trading post.

Map of the Menam River (Chao Phraya River) from the city of Ayutthaya (labelled ‘Ville de Siam’), past Bangkok to its mouth in the Gulf of Thailand. Features forts, villages, and a royal palace along the route.

Maps like this aided navigation through the islands, shoals and reefs of Singapore and the Malacca Strait. Three routes around Singapore are shown, numbers on the sea indicate water depth, and the profile views of mountains were used as landmarks.

Simple mid-18th century French-language map of Asia, with Southeast Asia divided into four regions: the mainland in yellow, the Philippines in green, the Sunda Islands in red, and the Maluku Islands in yellow.

Simple mid-18th century French-language map of Asia, with Southeast Asia divided into four regions: the mainland in yellow, the Philippines in green, the Sunda Islands in red, and the Maluku Islands in yellow.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.

This map of the Eastern Hemisphere was designed to show maritime routes from the Netherlands to Southeast Asia. It shows New Guinea (‘Nieuw Guinee’) and Australia (‘Nieuw Hollande’) as one landmass, connected via an area labelled ‘Karpentarie’.