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The borders on this mid-19th century map of mainland Southeast Asia are colour-coded to show kingdoms, countries and colonial territories. Twelve different scales are shown, as different countries used different measurement systems.

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions of western Borneo, featuring mountains, rivers and settlements. (One of four sheets covering Borneo from ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions of southwest Borneo, featuring mountains, rivers and settlements. (One of four sheets covering Borneo from ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions of southeast Borneo, featuring mountains, rivers and settlements. (One of four sheets covering Borneo from ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

Map of the Dutch colonial administrative regions of northeast Borneo, featuring mountains, rivers and settlements. (One of four sheets covering Borneo from ‘Algemeene Atlas van Nederlandsche Indie [General Atlas of the Dutch East Indies]’.)

This late 19th century map of Southeast Asia shows the best maritime routes around the region, according to the time of year. There are also inset maps highlighting the rivers and southern islands of Singapore, and the sea depth around Labuan Island.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of Burma spread over two sheets, labelled with the names of indigenous ‘tribes’ (uppercase red text), mountains, rivers, forests and plantations (teak, bamboo, sappanwood).

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers. Independent states such as Birma, Siam and Annam are also marked.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting the colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), Spain (Philippines), Britain (Straits Settlements, Burma, part of Borneo) and Portugal (East Timor). From the German atlas ‘Stielers Handatlas’.

Map of the East Indies, showing Dutch colonial territory (Dutch East Indies) in the mid-19th century. Coloured borders are used to highlight internal administrative regions. Three inset maps show other Dutch territories outside Southeast Asia.