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On this map of Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: Russian, British, Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Danish.

On this map of India and Southeast Asia, borders are outlined and cities underlined in different colours to show the colonial territories of the European powers: British, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Danish.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting European colonial possessions. Unusually, the south coast of the Philippine island of Mindanao is shown twice, reflecting uncertainty about its true location. Names of indigenous peoples are listed on Borneo.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

A French map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset map of the island of Java. Colonies of Britain (Malay Peninsula), Spain (the Philippines) and Portugal (parts of Floris and Timor) are also marked.

This map shows the Dutch colonial possessions or dependencies in the East Indies during the early 19th century. Areas not coloured red remained under local rulers or were colonies of other European powers.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

A French map of the Asian colonial possessions of the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies), with an inset map of the island of Java. Colonies of Britain (Malay Peninsula), Spain (the Philippines) and Portugal (parts of Floris and Timor) are also marked.

This map shows the Dutch colonial possessions or dependencies in the East Indies during the early 19th century. Areas not coloured red remained under local rulers or were colonies of other European powers.

Colonial possessions of the Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese, as well as lands of ‘indigenous princes’ are marked with coloured borders on this map of maritime Southeast Asia. Hot springs and mineral water springs in Java are also listed.

The inset map on this map of India features part of mainland Southeast Asia: Pegu and the Tenasserim Provinces (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), and the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia), with the Straits Settlements—Singapore, Malacca, Penang—highlighted in red.

The inset map on this map of India features part of mainland Southeast Asia, with the British colonial territories—Straits Settlements, British Burma—highlighted in red, ‘protected states’ in yellow, and ‘independent states’ in green.