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On this map of India, Burma (Myanmar) is divided into two regions: ‘British Burma’—under British colonial rule after the Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)—and Upper Burma (labelled ‘Burma’), under British rule after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885).

Map of two districts in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy River, the Burma State Railway (and others under construction), and mines (ruby, amber, jade). High points are marked with their heights so they can be used for triangulation.

Map of the Burmese city of Mandalay on the Irrawaddy River. The city has a grid of roads and buildings, dominated by Fort Dufferin (formerly Mandalay Palace). The surrounding country has villages, crops, agricultural ponds and irrigation channels.

Map of the district of Katha in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy River, and the Mu Valley State Railway (still partially under construction). High points are marked with their heights so they can be used for triangulation.

Map of the district of Bhamo in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy River, railways (proposed and under construction, including the future Burma State Railway), and mines (amber, jade).

Map of the district of Ruby Mines in northern Burma (Myanmar) featuring the Irrawaddy and Shweli rivers. High points are marked with their heights so they can be used for triangulation. As the name suggests, the district was known for its rubies.

Map of northeast Burma (Myanmar) bordering China's Yunnan Province. The title refers to ‘operations’ around the town of Sadon, possibly part of the Burmese resistance movement against British colonial rule in the late 19th century.

Map of the border region between northeast Burma (Myanmar) and China's Yunnan Province, spread over two sheets. The Burma side is more detailed, featuring mountains, rivers and settlements, as well as roads and trade routes.

Map of Upper Burma, with the city of Mandalay highlighted in red in the centre, and featuring the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers, roads and settlements. Mountains, forests and mines (coal, silver, rubies, amber) are marked.

Four-sheet map of Asia from Carl Ritter’s book ‘Erdkunde [Geography]’, including the northwest Birman Empire (Myanmar) and featuring rivers, mountains, administrative districts and settlements. Plus a page of elevations of Asian mountain ranges.

Four-sheet map of Asia from Carl Ritter’s book ‘Erdkunde [Geography]’, including the northwest Birman Empire (Myanmar) and featuring rivers, mountains, administrative districts and settlements. Plus a page of elevations of Asian mountain ranges.

This map of mainland Southeast Asia is divided into colour-coded regions. The Birman Empire (Myanmar) is the most detailed, with internal regions, rivers including the Irrawaddy, mountains and settlements marked.