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Map of Dutch colonial territory in Southeast Asia, including the administrative areas of Java and Madura. Two maritime routes are marked from Batavia to the Maluku Islands: of the brig ‘Douga’ in 1825, and by Baron Godert van der Capellen in 1824.

Map of the Dutch East Indies featuring maritime routes from the Sunda Strait and Batavia (Jakarta) to the Maluku or Spice Islands (Ambon, Ternate etc.). There is an eastern route (taken from October to March) and a return route (December to March).

Map of the Dutch East Indies featuring maritime routes from the Sunda Strait and Batavia (Jakarta) to the Maluku or Spice Islands (Ambon, Ternate etc.). There is an eastern route (taken from October to March) and a return route (December to March).

Map of India and mainland Southeast Asia, with coloured borders indicating European colonial possessions.

Map of India and mainland Southeast Asia, with coloured borders indicating European colonial possessions.

Map of Southeast Asia highlighting European colonial possessions. Unusually, the south coast of the Philippine island of Mindanao is shown twice, reflecting uncertainty about its true location. Names of indigenous peoples are listed on Borneo.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

Map from Johannes Olivier’s book ‘Land- en Zeetogten in Nederland's Indie [Land and Sea Journeys in the Dutch Indies]’, showing European colonial possessions and indigenous kingdoms in Asia.

The title of this early 18th century map of Asia by the London-based cartographer Herman Moll (1654?–1732) refers to European colonial territories. These can be seen around the coast of India, but mostly had not yet reached further east.

The title of this early 18th century map of Asia by the London-based cartographer Herman Moll (1654?–1732) refers to European colonial territories. These can be seen around the coast of India, but mostly had not yet reached further east.